Neonatal Jaundice

Worried about your newborn's yellowish skin? While common, neonatal jaundice needs understanding. Let's cut through the confusion and explore what it is, why it happens, and how it's managed effectively.

What is Neonatal Jaundice?

Neonatal jaundice is the yellowing of a baby's skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin, a pigment from red blood cell breakdown. It typically appears within the first few days after birth and is usually a harmless, temporary condition as the baby's liver matures.

The yellowish tint is caused by bilirubin buildup

You bring your bundle of joy home, and suddenly, they start looking a bit like a little Simpson. That yellow tinge? It's called jaundice. In simple terms, babies have extra red blood cells before birth. After birth, their bodies break these down, producing a yellow substance called bilirubin. ⁴ Normally, the liver processes bilirubin and gets rid of it. But a newborn's liver is still getting up to speed, kind of like a new factory on its first day. Sometimes, it can't clear the bilirubin fast enough, causing it to build up in the blood, which then shows up as yellowing on the skin and in the whites of the eyes. It's a super common thing, but something doctors keep a close eye on ³

Why Do So Many Babies Get Jaundice?

Seeing your baby turn yellow can be alarming. Why does this happen so frequently in newborns, affecting a large majority shortly after birth?

It's common because a newborn's liver isn't fully developed to efficiently process bilirubin, the yellow pigment produced when old red blood cells break down. This temporary inefficiency is known as physiologic jaundice and affects most newborns to some degree. ³

The main reason neonatal jaundice is so widespread boils down to basic baby biology.

Understanding the Bilirubin Backlog

• Red Blood Cell Turnover: Babies have higher red blood cell counts before birth, and these cells have a shorter lifespan. After birth, the breakdown of these excess cells produces more bilirubin. ⁴
• Immature Liver Function: A newborn's liver enzymes responsible for processing bilirubin and making it water-soluble (so it can be excreted) are not fully active yet. Think of it as the liver's processing line running slow initially. ⁵
• Increased Reabsorption:  Some bilirubin excreted into the intestines can be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream instead of being passed in stool, adding to the levels.

While about 80% of newborns might show clinical signs of jaundice, it's usually "physiologic jaundice" – a normal process. Only a smaller fraction, roughly 10%, actually require treatment like phototherapy. Specific situations, like breastfeeding jaundice (related to feeding initiation) or breast milk jaundice (related to substances in breast milk affecting bilirubin processing), can also occur but are generally manageable ³

Is Neonatal Jaundice Dangerous?

Hearing that jaundice is common is reassuring, but can it ever become a serious problem? Parents often worry if the yellowing signals something more harmful.

While typically benign, extremely high bilirubin levels (severe hyperbilirubinemia) can be dangerous if untreated. It can potentially lead to brain complications like acute bilirubin encephalopathy or long-term issues known as kernicterus, though this is rare with proper monitoring and management ⁵

For the vast majority of babies, jaundice is a temporary phase that resolves without any harm. However, the concern isn't the jaundice itself but the level of bilirubin causing it.

When Bilirubin Levels Get Too High

• Hyperbilirubinemia: This is the medical term for having too much bilirubin in the blood. While mild to moderate levels are common, very high levels are the real worry.
• Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy (ABE):  If bilirubin levels climb excessively high, the bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier and become toxic to brain cells. Early signs include severe sleepiness, poor feeding, and changes in muscle tone.
• Kernicterus: This refers to the chronic, permanent brain damage resulting from ABE. It can cause movement disorders (like cerebral palsy), hearing loss, and developmental problems.

It's crucial to understand that these severe complications are rare , especially in full-term, healthy babies, thanks to standardized screening and effective treatments. Healthcare providers monitor bilirubin levels closely, often using charts based on the baby's age in hours and risk factors to decide if intervention is needed. Don't let scare stories overshadow the fact that standard medical care makes severe outcomes uncommon.

How is Neonatal Jaundice Treated?

If jaundice levels are high enough to need intervention, what happens next? Parents need clear information on effective and safe treatment options available.

The most common and effective treatment for elevated bilirubin levels is phototherapy. This involves exposing the baby's skin to specific wavelengths of light, which helps break down bilirubin into a form the body can easily excrete ¹

Phototherapy uses light to help eliminate bilirubin

When bilirubin levels cross a certain threshold (determined by NICE guidelines or similar protocols based on age and risk factors), treatment is initiated. ¹ The good news is that the standard treatment is non-invasive and highly effective.

Shining a Light on the Problem: Phototherapy

• How it Works: Phototherapy isn't just any light; it uses specific blue-green wavelengths. This light penetrates the skin and converts the bilirubin molecules into water-soluble isomers. Think of it like the light helping to repackage the bilirubin so the body can ship it out via urine and stool, bypassing the liver's slow processing route. ¹
• Delivery Methods: This can involve overhead lamps, pads, or blankets that emit the therapeutic light. Babies are usually placed undressed (with eye protection) under these lights. We at REDDOT specialize in developing high-quality red light therapy devices, and while neonatal phototherapy uses blue light, the principle of using specific light wavelengths for therapeutic benefit is core to our expertise. Ensuring devices deliver the correct irradiance and wavelength consistently is crucial for effective treatment – something we prioritize in all our light therapy products, backed by our 15 years in the LED industry and rigorous testing (FDA/CE/ISO13485 approved).
• Monitoring: Treatment duration depends on how quickly bilirubin levels decrease, which is monitored through blood tests. ¹

In very rare, severe cases where phototherapy isn't enough or levels are dangerously high, an exchange transfusion might be considered. This procedure involves gradually replacing the baby's blood with donor blood to rapidly lower bilirubin levels. ¹ However, phototherapy resolves the vast majority of cases needing treatment. ³

Kesimpulan

Neonatal jaundice is common and usually harmless, caused by a temporary bilirubin buildup. While monitoring is key, effective treatments like phototherapy are readily available if needed.

References

¹ TVW Neonatal ODN Treating Neonatal Jaundice with Phototherapy Guideline V5 ratified March 2025 , NHS England, March 2025.

² Newborn jaundice , March of Dimes, 2025.

³ Neonatal Jaundice - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf , S. Ansong-Assoku; S. D. Shah, et al., Updated Aug 2023.

⁴ Newborn Baby Jaundice Level Chart and Treatment Guide , HexaHealth.

⁵ Hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm newborns , Canadian Paediatric Society, Reaffirmed Feb 2024.